A new congressional report finds overpayments to Medicare Advantage (MA) plans are raising Part B premiums for all beneficiaries, accounting for $82 billion in additional premiums over the past ten years. Produced by the Senate Joint Economic Committee (JEC), the brief examines these burdens and opportunities for reform.
Key findings include:
Overpayments increase premiums for all beneficiaries—not just MA enrollees. In 2025, MA overpayments drove up Part B premiums by $212 per person, for a total of $13.4 billion. People with Original Medicare (OM), who do not have access to the supplemental benefits that most MA plans offer, bore roughly $6 billion of that burden.
Taxpayers are also affected. Medicare enrollees pay for about 85% of the added premium costs, with the remainder falling on federal (9%) and state (6%) taxpayers.
This is a long-standing issue. Despite promises that MA would save Medicare money, it never has. Since 2016, MA overpayments have added $82 billion to Part B premiums.
Higher premiums mean lower Social Security checks. Since most beneficiaries (nearly 70%) have their Part B premiums withheld from Social Security checks, any premium increases directly reduce their benefits.
Absent reforms, overpayments will continue to spike premiums. Annual Part B premiums are expected to double between 2025 and 2035, growing from roughly $2,440 to $5,000. If MA continues to be paid at 120% of OM, the additional per-beneficiary premium burden would rise from $212 to $450 over the same period.
Corrections are needed. The JEC recommends aligning MA payments with OM to “prevent unnecessary premium growth, increase the affordability of Medicare, and protect net Social Security checks.”
MA’s Unmet Promise
Private MA plans contract with Medicare to provide Part A (Hospital Insurance) and Part B (Medical Insurance) benefits; they also typically offer supplemental benefits not available to people with OM.
The original intent of MA was to generate savings, a goal it has yet to realize.
The JEC report acknowledges the original intent of MA was to generate savings, a goal it has yet to realize. In addition to this historical context, its authors make future projections based on then-current (March 2025) data from the non-partisan Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC), which estimated MA costs would be about 20% higher than OM in 2025, resulting in $84 billion in overpayments. A subsequent MedPAC analysis put that estimate closer to $76 billion.
JEC defines overpayments in this context as “how much higher MA payments are, on average, relative to [O]M for the same beneficiaries.”
MA Overpayments and Part B Financing
Medicare Part B is financed through the Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Trust Fund, which relies on a combination of beneficiary premiums and transfers from the general fund. Each year, Part B premiums are set to cover 25% of expected costs; some people pay more, based on income. As the report notes, “A key aspect of this financing mechanism is that while the standard Part B premium varies with income, it does not vary based on whether the individual receives Part B benefits” through OM or MA. In other words, and as the chart below illustrates, everyone—regardless of the coverage pathway they choose—is on the hook for excess payments to MA plans.
An accompanying press release explains it further: “In 2025, covering a beneficiary in MA cost an estimated 17 to 20 percent more on average than it would have cost in [O]M. MA overpayments raise Part B spending, and because premiums are set to cover roughly one-quarter of expected costs, premiums for everyone in Part B increase.”
Affordability Impacts
MA overpayments make Medicare Part B less affordable. In addition, people with Medicare are particularly affected by Part B spending growth, which JEC notes is on the rise:
“Over the next decade, per-person Part B expenditures are projected to nearly double, from around $9,100 in 2025 to over $18,000 in 2035. Because the standard Part B premium is set to cover 25 percent of expected costs, baseline premiums are expected to nearly double as well, from about $2,200 per year in 2025 to about $4,500 in 2035. Average premiums are expected to grow even more. Under these projections, premiums will rise sharply for seniors who rely on Medicare.”
Part B spending influences how much enrollees pay for care.
Beyond premiums, Part B spending influences how much enrollees pay for care. For example, under Medicare cost-sharing rules, beneficiaries are generally required to cover 20% of Part B services. When those services become more expensive, beneficiary pocketbooks take a direct hit.
Ever-higher costs can have an outsized effect, as many beneficiaries rely on fixed or limited incomes that cannot keep pace: Half of all beneficiaries, nearly 33 million people, live on $43,200 or less per year, and one quarter have less than $18,950 in savings. If costs continue to climb as anticipated, more and more people could be forced to make impossible choices, like paying their doctor or paying their rent.
Conclusion
Looking ahead, the JEC concludes it is“imperative for policymakers to act to prevent premiums from gradually eating away at seniors’ social security checks.” They note that MA overpayments “are not inevitable. They ultimately result from a policy choice to pay more for Medicare Advantage than for Traditional Medicare. Aligning Medicare Advantage payment levels with Traditional Medicare would directly limit this avoidable premium growth and protect the Social Security benefits of 50 million Part B beneficiaries. Reform that gradually achieves payment parity could save each senior approximately $2,600 over the next decade.”
MA overpayments “result from a policy choice to pay more for Medicare Advantage than for Traditional Medicare.”
Medicare Rights agrees reforms are needed to improve MA payment accuracy, beneficiary health and financial security, and Medicare sustainability. Despite promises that MA would save Medicare money, it never has. The current system rewards insurers with greater profits but penalizes all beneficiaries through higher Part B premiums and taxpayers through increased costs. Absent corrections that center beneficiary needs, these impacts will only deepen.
For More Information
Read the report, The Part B Premium Pass Through: Medicare Advantage Overpayments Inflate Premiums for All.
The JEC released a companion analysis, the Medicare Affordability Tracker, which quantifies how overpayment-driven premium burdens at the state and congressional district levels.
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