Updated July 1, 2025
On Tuesday, July 1, the Senate narrowly approved its version of the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act,”. The vote was 51 to 50, with Vice President Vance casting the deciding vote. The Senate bill refined the tax and spending legislation previously passed by the House. This sweeping bill includes extensions of tax cuts, spending reductions for federal programs, and updates to Medicaid policies. However, key differences between the House and Senate provisions, coupled with rulings from the Senate parliamentarian, have introduced complexity into its path forward.
This article provides an overview of the notable Senate updates, including the parliamentarian’s rulings, Medicaid provisions, SALT deduction adjustments, and other revisions, including any significant changes during the Senate “vote-a-rama” that began on June 30th.
Key Senate Updates to the Bill
Parliamentarian Rulings Shape Final Senate Text
One of the most significant developments stems from rulings by Senate Parliamentarian Elizabeth MacDonough. Applying the Byrd Rule, which restricts reconciliation bills to provisions directly related to federal spending, several high-profile items were ruled ineligible for inclusion. Among the provisions removed were:
Medicaid Restrictions – Efforts to block noncitizen immigrants from receiving Medicaid, Medicare, and CHIP benefits were excluded. Provisions targeting funding for gender-affirming care were also barred.
Judicial Oversight Limits – A proposal to restrict federal courts’ ability to issue nationwide injunctions or temporary restraining orders was deemed noncompliant.
Public Lands Sales – Attempts to expedite the sale of federal lands were struck, even after pushback from GOP senators and hunting advocacy groups.
Environmental Rollbacks – The repeal of EPA standards for vehicle emissions and a measure allowing developers to bypass judicial environmental reviews were removed.
Federal Oversight Changes – Language weakening the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and slashing pay for Federal Reserve staff also failed to pass the reconciliation test.
These rulings ensure the bill narrowly adheres to the reconciliation framework, requiring only 51 Senate votes for approval instead of the typical 60.
Medicaid Provision Adjustments
Medicaid-related provisions remain a contentious area. The original House bill froze state provider taxes at current levels and prohibited new taxes, aiming to lower federal Medicaid contributions. Conversely, the Senate proposed sharper cost reductions by gradually lowering allowable provider taxes from 6% to 3.5% by 2031. However, this proposal has been met with resistance from moderate lawmakers and faced scrutiny following the parliamentarian’s rulings.
A coalition of 16 House Republicans outlined their opposition in a letter, warning that the Senate’s sharper cuts could jeopardize Medicaid access and complicate states’ ability to meet their funding obligations.
SALT Deduction Disagreement
Disputes over the state and local tax (SALT) deduction cap remain unresolved. The House initially proposed raising the cap from $10,000 to $40,000 for households earning up to $500,000, coupling this with annual indexing for inflation through 2033. The Senate, however, has leaned toward a stricter approach, proposing to make the $10,000 cap permanent. The final Senate version includes a “vote-a-rama” amendment raising the deduction to $40,000 for five years.
This impasse has sparked significant debate, particularly among lawmakers from high-tax states. The House “SALT caucus” has indicated it may withhold support for the final bill unless more lenient deduction provisions are included. Senate negotiators are reportedly working toward a compromise that balances fiscal conservatism with support from moderate Republicans.
Other Significant Changes to Tax Provisions
In addition to the SALT deduction issue, the following are some other major tax provisions affecting businesses and high-income taxpayers that have been modified in the Senate version of the bill:
Deduction for Qualified Business Income – The Senate bill would make the deduction permanent at 20%, lower than the 23% deduction in the House bill. The Senate bill would also increase the deduction phaseout limits to $75,000 for single filers and $150,000 for married filing jointly.
Bonus Depreciation for Qualified Property – The House bill extended bonus depreciation through 2029. The Senate bill makes the extension permanent. In addition, the Senate bill includes an option to elect 40% bonus depreciation in lieu of 100% bonus depreciation for qualified property placed in service in the first tax year ending after Jan. 19, 2025.
Limitation on Business Interest Expense – Consistent with the House bill, the Senate bill would also allow adjusted taxable income to be calculated without deductions for depreciation, amortization, or depletion. However, the Senate bill would make this change permanent, while under the House bill it would expire Dec. 31, 2029.
Charitable Contributions for Nonitemizers – The House bill allows for an above-the-line deduction of $150 for individuals and $300 for married couples for charitable contributions for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2024, and before Jan. 1, 2029. The Senate bill permanently increases the amount to $1,000 for individuals and $2,000 for married couples for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2024.
Expensing of Research and Development Expenses – The House bill allows immediate expensing for 5 years rather than a 5-year amortization period for domestic R&D amounts paid or incurred in tax years beginning after Dec. 31, 2024, and before Jan. 1, 2030. The Senate bill allows permanent expensing rather than a 5-year amortization period for domestic R&D amounts paid or incurred in tax years beginning after Dec. 31, 2024. For further information on the R&D update, click here.
Energy and Climate Provisions Phase-Out
The Senate text aligns with the House in phasing out several renewable energy subsidies and tax credits. Key items to sunset include:
Electric Vehicle Tax Credit – The $7,500 credit for new electric vehicle purchases and various subsidies for commercial vehicles will be fully eliminated by 2027.
Residential Renewable Energy Incentives – Credits for solar panels and wind energy installations will sunset after 2025, marking a departure from recent climate-friendly initiatives.
The Next Steps
Now that the Senate has approved its version of the bill, it now goes back to House later this week, where passage is not guaranteed. Any change in the House would require the bill to return to the Senate, which may prohibit passage of the bill by President Trump’s July 4th deadline.
Conclusion
The “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” represents a pivotal moment in shaping federal tax and fiscal policy. The Senate’s ability to balance these proposals with adherence to reconciliation rules has led to significant revisions and drawn sharp debate. While the finalized legislation’s impact will unfold across sectors, its passage or failure could have lasting implications for the economic and political landscape.
Legislative activity regarding this important law change is ongoing. We will continue to monitor the situation and provide timely updates as they become available.
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Article Contributed by Stacy Weller
