Updated for tax year 2025.
It’s easy to put off your tax filing, especially when life gets busy. But if you miss the tax deadline (usually the Tax Day due date is April 15) and don’t file your federal income tax return, the consequences can add up quickly.
The IRS receives copies of your tax forms, including Form W-2s, 1099 forms, and even things like Social Security income statements, so the agency already has a record of your earned income. That means if you don’t file taxes, it’s only a matter of time before the IRS notices.
Even if you can’t pay your full tax bill, it’s still important to file your tax return. Filing helps reduce penalties and may even qualify you for a tax refund or tax credit.
Do I have to file taxes?
Whether you need to file taxes depends on a few factors, including your income, filing status, age, and how you earned your money.
In general, you must file a federal income tax return if:
But even if you’re not required to file, it may still make sense to submit a tax return. Filing can help you claim a tax refund or refundable tax credits even if you don’t owe taxes.
How much do I have to make to file taxes?
The minimum income you need to file taxes depends on your filing status (such as single, married filing jointly, etc.), your age, and the type of income you earn.
For example, for the 2025 tax year, many single filers under age 65 generally need to file if their gross income (your total income before deductions) is at least:
$15,750 for single filers or those married filing separately
$23,625 for head of household
$31,500 for married couples filing jointly
These thresholds are typically tied to the standard deduction, which is the amount of income you can subtract before calculating your tax liability (the amount of tax you owe).
However, different rules apply if:
You’re self-employed (you must file if you had $400 or more in net earnings).
You have unearned income, like investments or dividends.
Someone else can claim you as a dependent.
When in doubt, it’s usually safer to file — especially if there’s a chance you could get a refund!
Final day to file taxes
For most taxpayers, the final day to file your individual federal income tax return is April 15 (Tax Day). If that date falls on a weekend or holiday, the deadline is the next business day.
If you’re not ready to file by Tax Day, you can request a tax extension using Form 4868. This gives you an extra six months (typically until Oct. 15) to file your return.
Note: A tax extension only gives you more time to file, not more time to pay your tax bill. If you owe taxes, you still need to pay them by the April deadline to avoid penalties and interest. TaxAct® can help you estimate and pay your tax bill if necessary when you file an extension with us.
What happens if you don’t file taxes?
Tax penalties for not filing or paying taxes
Here’s a simple breakdown of what happens when you don’t file or pay taxes:
The failure-to-file penalty is much higher than the failure-to-pay penalty, so it’s a good idea to file your return, even if you can’t pay the full amount owed.
What is the penalty for filing late taxes?
If you don’t file your IRS tax return, the agency doesn’t just forget about it. A few things can happen:
1. IRS notices and automated enforcement
The IRS uses automated systems to match your income with your tax return. If something is missing, they’ll send an IRS notice by mail. Ignoring these can lead to more serious consequences.
2. Substitute for Return (SFR)
If you don’t file, the IRS may file a Substitute for Return on your behalf using your reported income. But this means you won’t be able to choose your preferred tax filing status or claim deductions or tax credits you qualify for. That can leave you with a much higher tax bill and potentially even more tax debt.
3. Collections: liens, levies, and garnishments
If your past due taxes remain unpaid, the IRS can take action to collect by doing any of the following:
What are back taxes?
Back taxes are taxes you owe from previous tax years that remain unpaid. This can happen if you:
Didn’t file a tax return when required
Filed but didn’t pay your full tax bill
Underreported your income
Once taxes go unpaid, the IRS may add penalties and interest, which can increase your total tax debt over time.
Back taxes won’t go away on their own. The longer they remain unresolved, the more likely you are to face collection actions like liens or levies.
How to file back taxes
If you owe back taxes, you’ll need to file a separate tax return for each year you owe, using that year’s specific forms and tax rules. If needed, TaxAct can help you prepare a prior-year tax return (we can help with the current tax year and up to 2 prior years). We’ll walk you through the e-filing process or help you print and mail your return if necessary.
Why you should file taxes even if you can’t pay
Many taxpayers delay tax filing because they can’t afford to pay. But in reality, delaying often makes things worse.
Filing your federal income tax return on time helps you:
Avoid the high failure-to-file penalty
Reduce your total tax penalty
Stay in better standing with the IRS
Tax Tip: If you are self-employed or have estimated tax obligations due for other reasons, don’t forget to pay your tax bill by the due date each quarter.
IRS payment options for unpaid taxes
If you can’t pay your full tax bill, the IRS offers several ways to manage your tax debt:
Installment agreement (payment plan)
You may qualify for an IRS payment plan (also called an installment agreement) if you meet certain eligibility requirements. Options include short-term payment plans(typically for balances up to $100,000) or a long-term payment agreement (typically for balances up to $50,000).
TaxAct® can help you set up an IRS payment plan, or you can often apply through online payment options at irs.gov.
Offer in compromise
An offer in compromise allows you to settle your tax debt for less than the full amount owed. Approval depends on your income, expenses, and ability to pay.
Work with a tax professional
If you’re overwhelmed, consider getting tax advice from a tax professional or CPA. They can help you navigate IRS rules, respond to notices, and choose the best repayment strategy.
You can also talk to a real tax expert with TaxAct Xpert Assist® if you choose to file with us.*
Don’t forget: You could be owed a tax refund.
Not filing your tax return doesn’t just risk penalties — it could mean missing out on money as well. Some taxpayers, especially those with low incomes, may qualify for refundable credits, such as the Earned Income Tax Credit.
Claiming refundable credits means you could be entitled to a refund even if you aren’t required to file based on your income. To receive your tax refund, you’ll need to file a return claiming the tax credit(s).
You generally have three years from the original due date to claim a tax refund. After that, the money is forfeited to the U.S. Treasury.
FAQs
The bottom line
Skipping your tax return might seem harmless in the short term, but it can lead to serious financial consequences over time, including growing tax penalties and interest or enforced collections. Whether you’re dealing with a small balance due or significant tax debt, filing your return (even if it’s late) is often the better move.
Start your return with TaxAct today — our tax preparation software will save your information as you go, so you can fill out the tax forms you have now and finish filing whenever you’re ready.
This article is for informational purposes only and not legal or financial advice.
All TaxAct offers, products and services are subject to applicable terms and conditions.
Xpert Assist is available as an added service to users of TaxAct’s online consumer 1040 product. Unlimited access refers to an unlimited quantity of expert contacts available to each customer. Service hours limited to designated scheduling times and by expert availability. Some tax topics or situations may not be included as part of this service. Review of customer return is broad, does not extend to source documents and not intended to be comprehensive; expert is available to address specific questions raised by customer. View full TaxAct Xpert Assist terms and conditions.
